The Impact of Biophilic Design on Virtual Reality Learning Environments: A Narrative Review

Abstract

Biophilic design is recognized for improving well-being, cognitive performance, and learning
outcomes in educational spaces. However, its potential within immersive learning
environments remains underexplored. This study aims to investigate how integrating biophilic
principles in the design of Virtual Reality environments can influence learning experiences
and performance. The paper presents a narrative literature review on the use of biophilic design
in VR learning environments, analysing studies from major academic databases to identify key
themes, design strategies, and outcomes related to biophilic elements in digital spaces.
Findings indicate that incorporating natural patterns, daylight simulation, vegetation, and
biomorphic forms in VR environments may support attention restoration, reduce cognitive
fatigue, and enhance learners’ sense of presence and emotional comfort. These results
highlight the potential of biophilic VR design as a strategy to support healthier and more
effective immersive learning environments, contributing to emerging research at the
intersection of architecture, digital environments, and educational design.