Transformations of Housing in the M'Zab Valley: Contemporary Urban Challenges and Threats to Identity

Abstract

The ksour of the M’Zab Valley, located in southern Algeria, were founded in 1101 by the Mozabites. These fortified villages, in their original configuration, incorporate exemplary architectural and urban planning elements, promoting sustainable habitation that is perfectly adapted to the Saharan context while reflecting local cultural identity. In recognition of their outstanding universal value, UNESCO introduced specific preservation and protection measures as early as 1982. Architect André Ravéreau described this valley as a true “lesson in urban planning”, highlighting a remarkable balance between functionality, sustainability, and respect for the Saharan ecosystem. However, the recent urbanisation transformations in the M’Zab Valley, which are the subject of my doctoral thesis, reveal significant changes. New development projects, located outside the walls surrounding the ksour, are multiplying to meet a growing demand for housing. Although necessary, these interventions create a rupture with the urban landscape and the Saharan architectural identity. A chronological analysis of architectural samples makes it possible to trace the elements that have been abandoned, reproduced, or transformed over time, while questioning how these developments reflect Saharan identity and impact the built heritage.